Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) en jóvenes universitarios limeños: Evidencias Iniciales de Validez y Confiabilidad / Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) in young university Metropolitan Lima: Initial Evidence of Validity and Reliability

Resumen Con la finalidad de evaluar la presencia de insatisfacción corporal en jóvenes varones, resulta importante contar con instrumentos adecuados que midan esta insatisfacción y que garanticen resultados válidos. En el Perú y en diversos países, no se cuenta con gran variedad de herramientas apropiadas que midan la insatisfacción de la imagen corporal en varones, por lo que el propósito de la investigación fue adaptar lingüística y psicométricamente el BSQ en un grupo de jóvenes varones universitarios (n=320) de Lima Metropolitana con un rango de edad de 18 a 30 años. Se obtuvo una explicación del 50.72% sobre la variabilidad del instrumento y los resultados mostraron una excelente consistencia interna en ambos factores: 1) Malestar Corporal Normativo (α= .88) y 2) Malestar Corporal Patológico (α= .87). Respecto a la validez convergente y divergente, el BSQ demostró una buena capacidad para determinar la presencia de insatisfacción de la imagen corporal denotando una convergencia positiva y significativa entre ambos factores del BSQ con el Afecto Negativo del SPANAS, explicando como todos estos sentimientos negativos se encuentran presentes e influyen con la aparición de esta incomodidad. Se discuten las limitaciones y recomendaciones del estudio, y la dirección de futuras investigaciones.

Abstract In order to evaluate the presence of corporal dissatisfaction in young men, it is important to have adequate instruments to measure this dissatisfaction and guarantee valid results. However, in Peru and several countries, there is not a great variety of appropriate tools to assess body image dissatisfaction. The present research aimed to adapt the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) to a group of young male university students (N = 320) from Metropolitan Lima with an age range of 18 to 30 years. Results showed a 2-factor structure that explained 50.72% of the total variance. An excellent internal consistency was obtained in both factors: 1) Normative Body Uncomfort (α = .88) and 2) Pathological Body Uncomfort (α = .87). Regarding convergent and divergent validity, the BSQ showed good ability to determine the presence of body image dissatisfaction, denoting a positive and significant convergence between both BSQ factors with the PANAS Negative Affect, explaining how all these negative feelings are present and influence with this discomfort. Finally, the limitations and recommendations of the study, as well as the direction of future research are discussed.

Pandemic grief in El Salvador: factors that predict dysfunctional grief due to a COVID-19 death among Salvadoran adults

Abstract Thousands of people have died of COVID-19 in El Salvador. However, little is known about the mental health of those who are mourning the loss of a loved one to COVID-19. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the dysfunctional grief associated with COVID-19 death among Salvadoran adults. A sample of 435 Salvadorans ( M = 29 years; SD = 8.75) who lost a family member or loved one to COVID-19 completed a digital survey using the Google Forms platform, during April 2 and 28, 2022. The results revealed that 35.1% reported clinically elevated symptoms of dysfunctional grief and among those mourners, and 25.1% also exhibited clinical levels of coronavirus anxiety. A binary logistic regression revealed that predictor variables such as COVID-19 anxiety ( p = .003), depression ( p = .021), and COVID-19 obsession ( p = .032) were significant ( χ 2 = 84.31; Nagelkerke R 2 = .242) and predict a 24.2% chance of dysfunctional bereavement.

Impact of COVID-19 on quality of life in Peruvian older adults: construct validity, reliability and invariance of the COV19-Impact on Quality of Life (COV19-QoL) measurement

Abstract The aim of the present study was to translate into Spanish and evaluate the psychometric evidence of the Impact on Quality of Life (COV19-QoL) applied to a sample of Peruvian older adults ( N = 298; 58.1% women, 41.9% men, mean age 65.34 years [SD = 11.33]). The study used techniques from the Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT). The findings confirmed the single factor structure of the COV19-QoL, high internal consistency reliability, measurement invariance by gender, and all items demonstrated adequate discrimination and difficulty indices. In this sense, the items allow adequate discrimination between low, medium and high levels of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on quality of life. In addition, a greater perceived impact of the pandemic on quality of life is necessary to answer the higher response options of the COV19-QoL. In conclusion, the COV19-QoL is a valid measurement scale of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of life of Peruvian older adults.

Cross-cultural invariance of the Spanish version of the COVID-19 Assessment Scorecard to measure the perception of government actions against COVID-19 in Latin America

Abstract Objectives The present study aimed to evaluate the measurement invariance of a general measure of the perception of governmental responses to COVID--19 (COVID-SCORE-10) in the general population of 13 Latin American countries. Methods A total of 5780 individuals from 13 Latin American and Caribbean countries selected by non-probabilistic snowball sampling participated. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed and the alignment method was used to evaluate invariance. Additionally, a graded response model was used for the assessment of item characteristics. Results The results indicate that there is approximate measurement invariance of the COVID-SCORE-10 among the participating countries. Furthermore, IRT results suggest that the COVID-SCORE-10 measures with good psychometric ability a broad spectrum of the construct assessed, especially around average levels. Comparison of COVID-SCORE-10 scores indicated that participants from Cuba, Uruguay and El Salvador had the most positive perceptions of government actions to address the pandemic. Thus, the underlying construct of perception of government actions was equivalent in all countries. Conclusion The results show the importance of initially establishing the fundamental measurement properties and MI before inferring the cross-cultural universality of the construct to be measured.

Cross-cultural validity of the five items Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS-5) in Peru and Mexico during the COVID-19 pandemic

The Spanish version of the 5-item Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS-5) is a brief measure of the general tendency to be attentive and aware of experiences in the present moment during daily life. The MAAS-5 has been used in different countries; however, an assessment of its cross-cultural measurement invariance (MI) has not been conducted. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the cross-cultural measurement invariance of the MAAS-5 in university students from two countries: Peru and Mexico. A total of 1144 university students from Peru (N = 822) and Mexico (N = 322) responded online to the Spanish version of the 5-item Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS-5). A multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was performed. Measurement invariance tests the hypothesis that the model behind a set of scores is comparable between groups. The results showed that the unidimensional structure of the MAAS-5 is the same between Peruvian and Mexican university students. Therefore, it is suggested that university students from both countries conceptualize the mindfulness in a similar way. As a result, the MAAS-5 can be used to compare differences between countries. No significant differences were observed in the MAAS-5 score between Peruvian and Mexican university students. The present study contributes to a better understanding of the psychometric properties of the MAAS-5 by presenting MI results in two Latin American countries. Implications of the findings are discussed, which will facilitate a more solid and reliable use of the MAAS-5 in future cross-cultural studies. (AU)

Validez e invariancia factorial del índice de bienestar general (WHO-5 WBI) en universitarios peruanos / Validity and Factorial Invariance of the General Well-Being Index (WHO-5 WBI) in Peruvian University Students / Validade e invariância fatorial do Índice Geral de Bem-Estar (WHO-5 WBI) em universitários peruanos

Resumen Introducción: actualmente, existe un mayor interés por el estudio del bienestar, debido a su importancia en el desarrollo y evaluación de políticas en salud a favor de la población en general. Por lo tanto, se hace necesaria una medición válida y confiable del bienestar. En este contexto, el estudio evaluó las evidencias de validez basadas en la estructura interna, confiabilidad e invarianza factorial por sexo del índice de Bienestar General (WHO-5 WBI). Materiales y métodos: participaron 499 estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad de Trujillo (Perú) de sexo femenino (n = 271) y masculino (n = 228). Se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio, confiabilidad por consistencia interna e invarianza factorial por sexo mediante un análisis multigrupo. Resultados: el análisis factorial confirmatorio indicó que el modelo unidimensional de cinco ítems con errores correlacionados de los ítems 1 y 4 presentaba un buen ajuste (X2 = 9.667 [gl = 4]; p > 0.05; X2/gl = 2.416; CFI = 0.994; RMSEA = 0.053 [IC90 % : 0.006-0.097]; SRMR = 0.018). Además, se reportó una confiabilidad aceptable (ω = 0.758) e invariancia factorial por sexo. Conclusión: el WHO-5 WBI demostró evidencia empírica a favor de la validez basada en la estructura interna, confiabilidad de las puntuaciones e invariancia factorial, que permiten contar con un instrumento útil y rápido para la medición del bienestar subjetivo en estudiantes universitarios.

Abstract Introduction: Owing to its importance in the development and evaluation of health policies in favor of the general population, there is currently a greater interest in the study of well-being. Therefore, a valid and reliable measurement of well-being is necessary. In this context, this study evaluated the evidence of validity based on the internal structure, reliability, and factor invariance by sex of the General Well-Being Index (WHO-5 WBI). Materials and Methods: A total of 499 university students (female = 271; male = 228) from the city of Trujillo, Peru, participated in the study. A confirmatory factor analysis, reliability by internal consistency, and factor invariance by sex were performed using a multigroup analysis. Results: The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the 5-dimensional model with 5 correlated errors of items 1 and 4 presented a good fit (X2 =9.667 [gl = 4], p > 0.05; X2/gl = 2.416; CFI = 0.994; RMSEA = 0.053 [IC90% 0.006-0.097]; SRMR = 0.018). In addition, acceptable reliability (ω = 0.758) and factor invariance by sex were reported. Conclusion: The WHO-5 WBI demonstrated empirical evidence in favor of validity based on internal structure, reliability of scores, and factor invariance that allow for a useful and rapid instrument for measuring subjective well-being in university students.

Resumo Introdução: atualmente existe um maior interesse pelo estudo do bem-estar, devido à sua importância no desenvolvimento e avaliação de políticas em saúde a favor da população em geral. Portanto, se faz necessária uma medição válida e confiável do bem-estar. Neste contexto, o estudo avaliou as evidências de validade baseada na estrutura interna, confiabilidade e invariância fatorial por sexo do Índice Geral de Bem-Estar (WHO-5 WBI). Materiais e métodos: participaram 499 estudantes universitários da cidade de Trujillo (Peru) de sexo feminino (n = 271) e masculino (n = 228). Se realizou uma análise fatorial confir-matória, confiabilidade por consistência interna e invariância fatorial por sexo mediante uma análise multigrupo. Resultados: a análise fatorial confirmatória indicou que o modelo unidimensional de cinco itens com erros correlacionados dos itens 1 e 4, apresentava um bom ajuste (X2 = 9,667 [gl = 4], p > 0,05; X2/gl = 2,416; CFI = 0,994; RMSEA = 0,053 [IC90% 0,006-0,097]; SRMR = 0,018). Além disso, se reportou uma confiabilidade aceitável (ω = 0,758) e invariância fatorial por sexo. Conclusão: se conclui que o WHO-5 WBI demostrou evidência empírica a favor da validade baseada na estrutura interna, confiabilidade das pontuações e invariância fatorial que permitem contar com um instrumento útil e rápido para a medição do bem-estar subjetivo em estudantes universitários.

Espiritualidad e Inteligencia Emocional en estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad de Ayacucho / Spirituality and Emotional Intelligence in university students of the city of Ayacucho

This research aims to find the existing correlation between Emotional Intelligence (EI) and Spirituality in university students of the city of Ayacucho. We opted for a quantitative method, of correlational type transactional design. To this end, we had a sample of 195 university students from two private Ayacucho universities, of which 41% are male and 59% are female, with an age range between 18 and 38 years (M = 20.43). The Trait Meta-Mood Scale-24 Questionnaire and the Spirituality Questionnaire; both adapted to the Peruvian population. We analyzed the correlations of the dimensions of both; obtaining positive correlations between all dimensions of IE with the dimensions of Spirituality; so it is concluded that both constructs are correlated. Likewise, the analyzes carried out show that there are significant differences in the explicit assessment of spirituality according to sex; specifically women score more in this regard. It can also be highlighted that the self-awareness dimension of the Spirituality questionnaire presents the strongest correlations with the Emotional Intelligence dimensions.

Esta investigación pretende hallar la correlación existente entre Inteligencia Emocional (IE) y Espiritualidad en estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad de Ayacucho. Se optó por un método cuantitativo, de diseño transaccional de tipo correlacional. Para ello se contó con una muestra de 195 estudiantes universitarios de dos universidades privadas ayacuchanas, de los cuales el 41% son varones y el 59% son mujeres, con un rango de edad entre 18 a 38 años (M = 20.43). Se aplicó el Cuestionario del Trait Meta-Mood Scale-24 para y el Cuestionario de Espiritualidad; ambos adaptados a la población peruana. Se analizaron las correlaciones de las dimensiones de ambas variables; obteniendo correlaciones positivas entre todas las dimensiones de IE con las dimensiones de Espiritualidad. Asimismo, los análisis realizados evidencian que se encuentra diferencias significativas en la valoración explícita de la espiritualidad según sexo; específicamente las mujeres puntúan más en este aspecto. También se puede destacar que la dimensión de autoconciencia del cuestionario de Espiritualidad presenta las correlaciones más fuertes con las dimensiones de Inteligencia Emocional.

Uso de dos técnicas alternativas de manejo de conducta: musicoterapia y distracción audiovisual, en el control y manejo de ansiedad en pacientes pediátricos de 5 a 10 años / Uso de duas técnicas alternativas de manejo da conduta: musicoterapia e distração audiovisual no controle e manejo da ansiedade em pacientes pediátricos de 5 a 10 anos / Use of two alternative techniques for the management of behavior: music therapy and audiovisual distraction, for the control and management of anxiety and child's behavior

En la actualidad, se ha demostrado que la ansiedad influye significativamente en la conducta de los niños durante la consulta dental ocasionando un rechazo total del niño a la atención odontológica, optándose por el uso de técnicas no farmacológicas para el control y manejo de la ansiedad, así conseguir un comportamiento receptivo. Objetivo: Comparar dos técnicas no farmacológicas (musicoterapia y distracción audiovisual) en el control de la ansiedad antes, durante y después del tratamiento dental de niños entre 5 y 10 años atendidos en el Centro Universitario de Salud (UPC). Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuasi experimental, comparándose los niveles de ansiedad obtenidos con el Test de Dibujos de Venham (1 -8) y la Escala de Ansiedad de Venham (0-5) a un total de 60 pacientes pediátricos bajo las técnicas no farmacológicas musicoterapia y audio visual. Resultados: El promedio de puntaje obtenido antes de la consulta dental con el Test de Dibujos de Venham para el grupo control fue de 2, para el grupo musicoterapia fue de 1,4 y de 1,45 para el grupo audio visual; el promedio de la escala de Ansiedad durante la consulta para el grupo control fue de 1,4 y de 0,2 para musicoterapia y audiovisual. Por último, el puntaje después de la consulta dental para el grupo control fue de 1,95, para musicoterapia fue de 0,45 y para el grupo audio visual fue de 0,3. Sí se encontraron diferencias significativas para la evaluación de la ansiedad con la Escala de Ansiedad de Venham aplicada durante el tratamiento dental entre los tres grupos de estudio (p=0,001). Conclusiones: Se concluye que existe una reducción de los niveles de ansiedad durante y después de emplear ambas técnicas no farmacológicas.

Atualmente pode-se adotar por técnicas não farmacológicas para o controle e manipulação dos problemas de ansiedade em crianças, já que afeta significativamente na conduta delas durante o atendimento odontológico, além terá um efeito negativo na saúde oral, já que um elevado nível de ansiedade produz a rejeição total do tratamento dental. Objetivo: Comparar duas técnicas não farmacológicas (musicoterapia e distração audiovisual) no controle da ansiedade antes, durante e após o tratamento dental em crianças de 5 a 10 anos de idade atendidas no Centro Universitário de Saúde (UPC). Materiais e Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo quase experimental e compararam-se os niveles de ansiedade obtidos pelos desenhos de teste de Venham (1 -8) e a escala de ansiedade Venham (0-5) num total de 60 pacientes pediátricos sob técnicas não farmacológicas musicoterapia e audiovisual. Resultados: A média da porcentagem obtido antes da atenção odontológica utilizando os desenhos de teste de Venham para o grupo controle foi 2, para o grupo musicoterapia 1,4 e de 1,45 para o grupo audiovisual; por outro lado a media após da atenção odontológica para o grupo controle foi 1,95, para musicoterapia 0,45 e para o grupo audiovisual 0,3. A media da escala da Ansiedade durante a consulta para o grupo controle foi de 1,4 e de 0,2 para musicoterapia e audiovisual. Houve diferença significativa entre os três grupos de estudo para avaliação da ansiedade (p=0,001). Conclusões: Os resultados indicam que houve redução dos níveis de ansiedade após empregar ambas as técnicas não farmacológicas na população estudada.

It has been shown that anxiety has a significant influence on a child's behavior during a dental appointment and consequently a negative impact on their oral health. It may cause the child to reject their dental treatment. Today, dentists can choose non-pharmacological techniques for the management and control of anxiety to achieve a receptive patient behaviour. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare two non-pharmacological techniques and for managing anxiety before, during and after dental treatment in 5 to 10 year-old children treated at the university health center. Material and Methods: A quasi experimental study was carried out and the anxiety levels obtained with the Venham Picture Test (1-8) Venham Anxiety Scale (0-5), were applied in 60 pediatric patients in total, using the non-pharmacological techniques: music therapy and audiovisual distraction. Results: The mean score obtained before the dental appointment with the Venham Picture Test was 2 for the control group; 1.4 for the music therapy group and 1.45 for the audiovisual group. The mean score of Venham Anxiety scale during a dental appointment was 1.4 for the control group and 0.2 for the music therapy and audiovisual group. Lastly, the score after dental appointment was 1.95 for the control group, 0.45 for the music therapy group and 0.3 for the audiovisual group. There is a significant difference among the three groups (p=0,001) for anxiety. Conclusions: We conclude that there was a reduction of anxiety levels during and after using both non-pharmacological techniques in the studied population.

Adaptación cultural de la versión peruana de la Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale (MASS) para dismorfia muscular / Cultural Adaptation of the Peruvian Version of the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale (MASS) for Muscle Dysmorphia

La dismorfia muscular (DM) es una forma de trastorno dismórfico corporal considerado como un trastorno obsesivo compulsivo, caracterizado por la preocupación de tener una musculatura insuficiente, lo que lleva a realizar una actividad física intensa y prolongada y al consumo de suplementos proteicos y esteroides anabólicos. Afecta principalmente a varones jóvenes de 18 a 30 años, que optan por dietas hipo-calóricas e hiperproteicas, lo que genera efectos perjudiciales como problemas renales y hepáticos a largo plazo1. Según el Instituto Nacional de Salud del Perú, los problemas de salud mental son una de las prioridades de investigación del país, porque representan una importante carga de enfermedad para la sociedad y hay escasez de información científica local2. La DM no es la excepción y, como se la ha descrito en tiempos recientes, no se ha encontrado estudios peruanos sobre su frecuencia y los factores asociados; una de las causas es que no existe un instrumento validado para este contexto cultural.

Muscle dysmorphia (DM) is a form of body dysmorphic disorder considered as an obsessive compulsive disorder, characterized by the concern of having insufficient muscles, which leads to intense and prolonged physical activity and the consumption of protein supplements and anabolic steroids . It mainly affects young men between the ages of 18 and 30, who choose hypocaloric and hyperprotein diets, which generates harmful effects such as kidney and liver problems in the long term1. According to the National Institute of Health of Peru, mental health problems are one of the country's research priorities, because they represent a significant burden of disease for society and there is a shortage of local scientific information2. DM is no exception and, as it has been described in recent times, no Peruvian studies have been found on its frequency and associated factors; one of the causes is that there is no validated instrument for this cultural context.

Calidad de vida profesional y sueño en profesionales de Lima / Professional quality of life in health professionals in Lima, Peru

El objetivo de la presente investigación es determinar la relación que existe entre calidad de vida profesional y sueño en un grupo de estudiantes de posgrado de Ciencias de la Salud, mediante un diseño correlacional, en una muestra conformada por 198 participantes. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron la Escala de Calidad de Vida Profesional CVP-35 de Cabezas (1998) y un cuestionario de sueño y reposo diseñado para el presente estudio. Se encontró correlación entre calidad de vida profesional y sueño en el grupo de edad de 31 a 40 años (0.26). Es probable que este grupo valore el sueño como aspecto importante para su calidad de vida profesional, lo cual podría estar influyendo en su desempeño laboral.

The aim this study is to determine the relationship between quality of professional life and sleep in a group of students of Health Sciences Grad School, using a correlational design, in a sample of 198 participants. The measurement instruments used were the Scale of Quality of Professional Life - CVP-35 by Cabezas (1998) and a Sleep and Rest Questionnaire designed for this study. A correlation was found between quality of professional life and sleep and rest in the 31-40 years age group (P=.26). It is probable that this group values sleep as an important aspect for their quality of professional life, which could influence their work performance.